Отправлено: 22.10.08 08:45. Заголовок: A.Y. Dandekar Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties

... onventional Methods of Compositional Analysis .................. 316
Problems ...................................................................... 317
References .................................................................... 318


Chapter 15 PVT Analysis and Reservoir Fluid Properties ........................ 321

15.1 Introduction ............................................................. 321
15.2 Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids ................................. 322
15.2.1 Gases and Liquids ................................................. 323
15.2.2 Ideal Gases ....................................................... 323
15.2.2.1 Standard Volume ....................................... 324
15.2.3 Real Gases ........................................................ 324
15.2.3.1 Gas Density .............................................. 327
15.2.3.2 Specific Gravity ......................................... 328
15.2.4 Mixtures of Gases ................................................. 328
15.2.4.1 Apparent Molecular Weight ................................ 328
15.2.4.2 Critical Pressure and Temperature of Gas Mixtures ........ 329
15.2.4.3 Determination of Compressibility Factor of Gas
Mixtures ................................................. 332
15.2.4.4 Determination of Density of Gas Mixtures ................. 334
15.2.5 Dry Gases ......................................................... 334
15.2.5.1 Formation Volume Factor .................................. 334
15.2.5.2 Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility ................ 336
15.2.5.3 Viscosity ................................................ 336
15.2.6 Wet Gases ......................................................... 338
15.2.6.1 Recombination Cases ...................................... 338
15.2.6.2 Formation Volume Factor .................................. 342
15.2.7 Gas Condensates ................................................... 343
15.2.8 Black Oils and Volatile Oils ...................................... 343
15.2.8.1 Formation Volume Factor .................................. 344
15.2.8.2 Solution Gas-Oil Ratio or Gas Solubility ................. 345
15.2.8.3 Total Formation Volume Vactor ............................ 345
15.2.8.4 Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility ................ 347
15.2.8.5 Viscosity ................................................ 348
15.2.8.6 Surface Tension .......................................... 349
15.2.8.7 Volatile Oils ............................................ 351
15.3 Laboratory Tests ......................................................... 351
15.3.1 PVT Equipment ..................................................... 352
15.3.2 Constant Composition Expansion .................................... 354
15.3.3 Differential Liberation ........................................... 356
15.3.4 Constant Volume Depletion ......................................... 359
15.3.4.1 Liquid Drop Out .......................................... 361
15.3.4.2 Material Balance for Condensate Composition .............. 361
15.3.4.3 Two-Phase Compressibility Factor ......................... 365
15.3.5 Separator Tests ................................................... 365
15.3.5.1 Optimum Separator Conditions ............................. 367
15.4 Adjustment of Black Oil Laboratory Data .................................. 367
15.4.1 Combination Equations ............................................. 370
15.4.1.1 Formation Volume Factor of Oil ........................... 371
15.4.1.2 Solution Gas-Oil Ratio ................................... 372
15.4.1.3 Formation Volume Factor of Gas ........................... 373
15.4.1.4 Total Formation Volume Factor ............................ 374
15.4.1.5 Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Oil ......... 374
15.4.2 Composite Liberation .............................................. 374
15.5 Other Sources of Obtaining the Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
Fluids ................................................................... 375
15.5.1 Empirical Correlations ............................................ 375
15.5.1.1 Standing's Empirical Correlations ........................ 376
15.5.2 Prediction of Viscosity from Compositional Data ................... 378
15.5.3 Prediction of Surface Tension ..................................... 380
Problems ...................................................................... 381
References .................................................................... 387


Chapter 16 Vapors-Liquid Equilibria ........................................... 389

16.1 Introduction ............................................................. 389
16.2 Ideal Solution Principle ................................................. 390
16.2.1 Raoult's Law ...................................................... 390
16.2.2 Dalton's Law ...................................................... 390
16.2.3 Equilibrium Ratio ................................................. 391
16.2.4 Concept of PT Flash ............................................... 391
16.2.5 Calculation of Bubble-Point Pressure .............................. 393
16.2.6 Calculation of Dew-Point Pressure ................................. 393
16.2.7 Drawbacks of the Ideal Solution Principle ......................... 394
16.3 Empirical Correlations for Calculating Equilibrium Ratios for Real
Solutions ................................................................ 395
16.3.1 Wilson Equation ................................................... 395
16.3.2 Methods Based on the Concept of Convergence Pressure .............. 396
16.3.2.1 K-Value Charts ........................................... 399
16.3.2.2 Whitson-Torp Correlation ................................. 403
16.4 Equations-Of-State (EOS) Models .......................................... 404
16.4.1 Description of EOS Models ......................................... 405
16.4.1.1 van der Waals Equation of State .......................... 405
16.4.1.2 Redlich-Kwong Equation of State .......................... 409
16.4.1.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation of State .................... 410
16.4.1.4 Peng-Robinson Equation of State .......................... 411
16.4.2 Concept of Fugacity ............................................... 411
16.4.3 Application of Equations of State to Pure Components .............. 412
16.4.4 Extension of EOS Models to Mixtures ............................... 413
16.4.4.1 Determination of Equilibrium Ratios from EOS Models ...... 416
16.4.5 VLE Calculations Using EOS Models ................................. 418
16.4.5.1 Calculation of Bubble-Point Pressure ..................... 418
16.4.5.2 Calculation of Dew-Point Pressure ........................ 421
16.4.5.3 PT Flash Calculations .................................... 421
16.4.5.4 Separator Calculations ................................... 424
16.4.5.5 A Note About the Application of EOS Models to Real
Reservoir Fluids ......................................... 428
16.5 Use of EOS Models in PVT Packages ........................................ 429
Problems ...................................................................... 430
References .................................................................... 431


Chapter 17 Properties of Formation Waters ..................................... 433

17.1 Introduction ............................................................. 433
17.2 Compositional Characteristics of Formation Water ......................... 434
17.3 Bubble-Point Pressure of Formation Water ................................. 435
17.4 Formation Volume Factor of Formation Water ............................... 435
17.5 Density of Formation Water ............................................... 437
17.6 Viscosity of Formation Water ............................................. 437
17.7 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Formation Water ............................ 438
17.8 Solubility of Formation Water in Hydrocarbons ............................ 440
17.8.1 Water Content of Gaseous Hydrocarbons ............................. 441
17.8.2 Water Content of Liquid Hydrocarbons .............................. 441
17.9 Compressibility of Formation Water ....................................... 442
Problems ...................................................................... 443
References .................................................................... 444

Author Index .................................................................. 445

Subject Index ................................................................. 449

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Dandekar A.Y. Petroleum reservoir rock and fluid properties / Dandekar A.Y. - Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006. - 460 p. - ISBN 0-8493-3043-2.